Yellow banner with pen and letters

Authors: Aik Hoe Lim | Raymond Saner

Rethinking trade in education services: A wake-up call for trade negotiators

2011

Education plays a crucial role in fostering personal and social development, as well as economic growth. Government policies play a dominant role in this sector. Over time, trade in education services, particularly at the tertiary level, have been growing in importance. Driving factors include a combination of demographic changes, technological developments, national development goals, and governmental reforms to the funding and provision of higher education. The educational market has grown in size with more exporters entering the field to satisfy growing demand worldwide. The education sector today truly operates in a global context with institutions, programmes, and people supplying services across borders at an unprecedented scale. This article describes the educational service market, the key actors in this field be they importers or exporters, and discusses the market opportunities and risks for countries.
TRAD.jpg
icon for right PDF

You may also be interested in

Securing-the-Future.png

Securing the Future of Multilateral Development Finance: Time for Europe to take the Initiative

51cGOyUy2xL._SX331_BO1204203200_.jpg

Hanging Together: Cooperation and conflict in the seven power summits

119034442_3371932942876065_8688514068769018566_n.jpg

Enhancing Economic Diplomacy (For Trade, Investment and Employment)

41lOaxFBVML._SX384_BO1204203200_.jpg

East Asian Regionalism

1604407858131.jpg

Economic Geography and International Inequality

31k6k2lkoL._SX331_BO1204203200_.jpg

Economic Statecraft

1200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury.svg_.png

Effectiveness of U.S. Economic Sanctions with Respect to Sudan

Achieving-Zero-Hunger.png

Achieving Zero Hunger: The Critical Role of Investments in Social Protection and Agriculture

Sustainable-Development-Financing.png

Report of the Intergovernmental Committee of Experts on Sustainable Development Financing

Report of the Intergovernmental Committee of Experts on Sustainable Development Financing.

41eu7TNHfaL._SX318_BO1204203200_.jpg

World Economic Forum: A Multi-stakeholder Approach to Global Governance

download-1.jpg

A Future for Small States: Overcoming Vulnerability

Development-Co-operation.png

Development Co-operation Report 2014: Mobilising Resources for Sustainable Development

umcrest.png

The Role of the Beijing Olympics in China’s Public Diplomacy and its Impact on Politics, Economics and Environment

The 2008 Beijing Olympics were ardently sought, lavishly staged and hugely successful, despite intense scrutiny, speculation and setbacks. Amplified by modern media, most controversies revolved around China's political repression, epitomised by Tibet brutality. Resultant protests threatened boycott and terror, putting internal cohesion, national image and Olympic dream at stake.

Multilateral-Aid-2015.jpg

Multilateral Aid 2015: Better Partnerships for a Post-2015 World

61XshfDkjL.jpg

Globalism and the New Regionalism

236900054_4672814222731061_3300424664208652046_n.jpg

Cultures of Corruption: Evidence from Diplomatic Parking Tickets

Corruption is believed to be a major factor impeding economic development, but the importance of legal enforcement versus cultural norms in controlling corruption is poorly understood.

Caribbean Development Report, Volume I

umcrest.png

Influence of Economic Relations on Bilateral Relations

The title of the master thesis is "Influence of economic relations on bilateral relations". Firstly, three thesis statements concerning the influence of economic relations on non-economic bilateral relations have been developed. In order to validate the thesis statements a methodology was chosen that is mainly data driven and based on two case studies and a data comparison procedure, as opposed to a "theoretical approach".

51f5cLAPYjL._SY291_BO1204203200_QL40_FMwebp_.webp

The Death of Distance: How the Communications Revolution Is Changing Our Lives

The Globe: Diaspora Marketing

41lDkiwkFDL._SX284_BO1204203200_.jpg

Economic Diplomacy: India’s Experience

Kishan Rana is a widely published former Indian ambassador and Bipul Chatterjee, his co-editor, is the deputy executive director of the Indian NGO, and CUTS International is the the publisher of this book. Both editors are also trained economists. Their volume consists of 25 chapters, all except three written by serving or former members of […]

oecd.jpg

The Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness and the Accra Agenda for Action

51AkMKeRf4L._SY291_BO1204203200_QL40_FMwebp_.webp

The Clash of Globalizations: Essays on the Political Economy of Trade and Development Policy

41plkjLaeL._SX343_BO1204203200_.jpg

Heart Work: Stories of How EDB Steered the Singapore Economy from 1961 to the 21st Century

encyclopedia.jpg

Enyclopedia of International Development

umcrest.png

Graduating from least developed country to middle income country status: A trap for small island developing states?

SIDS tends to perform particularly well with regards to their socio-economic achievements and development endeavours. As a result, several SIDS graduate from their Least Development Country status to Middle-Income Country status. This graduation implies that SIDS are much better-off economically and can do without the special treatments and benefits in terms of Overseas Development Assistance that they were receiving as an LDC. However, and this is the thrust of the argument in this paper, this is not the case at all. The support was and is crucial to SIDS. After all, it was the catalyst which...

Regional and Multilateral Trade Agreements: Complementary Means to Open Markets

Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg_.png

Declaration of the Global African Diaspora Summit

bank.jpg

The African Diaspora Program: Mobilizing the African Diaspora for Development

ocampo1.jpg

Uncertain Times

Not long ago, Latin America was a success story of economic growth. While advanced economies suffered a severe recession during the 2008–09 financial crisis in the United States and western Europe, followed by a weak recovery, emerging market economies were seen as the promise for renewed world economic growth. Latin America was viewed as part of that promise.

Richard-L.-Bernal.jpg

Small Developing Economies in the World Trade Organization

ag.png

Australian aid: Promoting prosperity, reducing poverty, enhancing stability

51ENqCSksCL._SX345_BO1204203200_.jpg

The WTO Agreements: Deficiencies, Imbalances and Required Changes

34645997_1776342855754417_4350844640132333568_n.png

Conditionality in development aid policy

Pricing-the-right-to-education.png

Pricing the right to education: The cost of reaching new targets by 2030

This paper shows there is an annual nancing gap of US$39 billion over 2015-2030 for reaching universal pre-primary, primary and secondary education of good quality in low and lower middle income countries.

clingendael-2018.png

Commercial diplomacy in advanced industrial states: Canada, the UK, and the US

wto.png

Work Programme on Electronic Commerce

41XXOFOluZL._SY291_BO1204203200_QL40_FMwebp_.webp

The New Economic Diplomacy

Reforming-the-World-Trade-Organisation.png

Reforming the World Trade Organisation: Developing Countries in the Doha Round

UN-Commission-on-Global-Governance.gif

Our Global Neighbourhood

The Role of NRNs in Nepal’s Economic Diplomacy

communw-300x300-1.jpg

Valletta Statement on Multilateral Trade

E_Commerce.pdf.png

Promoting e-Commerce in developing countries

This study examines the advantages and possibilities for the use of digital signatures to carry out electronic transactions. It focuses on developing and transition countries that have not fully implemented the use of digital signatures in their economic, commercial and productive processes. An important aim of this research is to create awareness on the likely effects for enforcing the use of digital signatures to carry out e-commerce transactions on the economies of developing and transition countries. The study also proposes key issues to be considered for policy-makers in countries in orde...

Migration-and-Remittances-Factbook-2016.png

Migration and Remittances Factbook 2016

umcrest.png

Economic Partnership Agreement and it’s Effect on Lesotho’s Economy

There is a dire situation of poverty in Lesotho. This is attributable to several factors such as: poor climatic conditions, HIV and AIDS pandemic and poor Government policies.

ACD.png

Commercial Diplomacy

umcrest.png

Economic and Commercial Diplomacy in Micro States: A Case Study of the Maldives and Mauritius

ecc.png

Economic Diplomacy: India’s experience

Kishan Rana is a widely published former Indian ambassador and Bipul Chatterjee, his co-editor, is the deputy executive director of the Indian NGO, and CUTS International is the the publisher of this book. Both editors are also trained economists. Their volume consists of 25 chapters, all except three written by serving or former members of the Indian Foreign Service. The chapters are divided into five parts, the titles of three of which clearly indicate the broad meaning given by the editors to the term economic diplomacy: ‘Export promotion’; ‘Investment and economic aid’; and ‘Mana...

Economic-Power-in-Anglo-South-African-Diplomacy-Simonstown-Sharpeville-and-After.jpg

Economic Power in Anglo-South African Diplomacy

512hNfpu8FL._SY291_BO1204203200_QL40_FMwebp_.webp

Back Channel to Cuba: The Hidden History of Negotiations Between Washington and Havana

This book went to press after the much-publicised handshake between US President Barack Obama and Cuban President Raul Castro at the memorial service for Nelson Mandela in December 2013 – but before their historic, simultaneous announcements a year later, assisted by a prisoner exchange and the good offices of the Vatican, that they were resolved […]

clingendael-2018.png

Commercial diplomacy and international business

mw117083.jpg

Report of the Review Committee on Overseas Representation

Preference-Dependent-Economies-and-Multilateral-Liberalization.png

Preference-Dependent Economies and Multilateral Liberalization: Impacts and Options

1559241540702.jpg

Message on Switzerland’s International Cooperation in 2013-2016

The Scottish Diaspora and Diaspora Strategy: Insights and Lessons from Ireland

umcrest.png

An assessment of economic and commercial diplomacy in micro-states: A case study of Namibia

Economic diplomacy can become an important tool for foreign policy of the government to promote economic interest of Namibia in relation to trade promotion, attracting investment through channels of diplomacy.

Towards a Single Development Vision and the role of the Single Economy

61NVEVB7CNL.jpg

World on Fire: How Exporting Free-Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability

Markets only function optimally when there is perfect information. Joseph Stiglitz received the Nobel Prize in economics for proving that when there are asymmetries of information markets fail. Information economics, with its better analyses of labour, capital, and product markets, enables the construction of macroeconomic models that provide deeper insights into unemployment, recessions and depressions, and other problems that have marked capitalism since its beginnings.

umcrest.png

The geopolitics of access to oil resources: The case of Uganda

Ten years ago, Uganda joined other sub-Saharan African Countries with new discoveries of oil; and just as the case always is, this news comes with high prospects for development and economic transformation. These ambitious projections are always based on the success stories of oil money in other countries without prejudice to the fear of the infamous oil curse that results from poor exploitation of oil revenues. With these aspirations at hand, Uganda has clearly stated in its national polices and development plans the fact that the country's development in the next 30 years shall be largely de...

4146rWxkqPL.jpg

Commercial Diplomacy and the National Interest

This short and lively book lays out the why and the how of promoting US business abroad. America's place in the world depends more than is usually acknowledged on the vigor and global reach of American business. The United States is the world's leading exporter, the world's leading importer, and the world's primary source and destination of funds for foreign investment. Our position as the best place in the world to do business-the most reliable in which to buy, the most lucrative in which to sell, and the safest and surest in which to invest or to raise capital-is a cause, not an effect, of A...

41H7yhH6rqL._SX331_BO1204203200_.jpg

King Cotton Diplomacy: Foreign Relations of the Confederate States of America

umcrest.png

Palestinian Economic Diplomacy: Planning for Statehood

This study intends to give the Palestinian policymakers a tool to support the emergence of an economically-viable Palestinian state through equipping the Palestinian Authority PA with legal, economic, and technical policy advice to prepare the regulation for the development of a trade policy for an independent state; the establishment of a WTO compatible sovereign framework for trade; and permanent economic status negotiation with Israel. The two-state solution is the least common denominator for a just and peaceful solution for the conflict, justice means; economic viability and socio-economi...

finance.png

Finance, Trade and Politics in British Foreign Policy, 1815-1914

The-Association-of-Indian-Diplomats.png

Economic Diplomacy: Ten-point Plan for making it more effective

The Vulnerability of the Small Island Developing States of the Caribbean

download.gif

Economic coercion as an instrument of foreign policy: US economic measures against Cuba and the Dominican Republic

TRAD.jpg

Rethinking trade in education services: A wake-up call for trade negotiators

Education plays a crucial role in fostering personal and social development, as well as economic growth. Government policies play a dominant role in this sector. Over time, trade in education services, particularly at the tertiary level, have been growing in importance. Driving factors include a combination of demographic changes, technological developments, national development goals, and governmental reforms to the funding and provision of higher education. The educational market has grown in size with more exporters entering the field to satisfy growing demand worldwide. The education ...

download-3.jpg

Outcome document of the Third International Conference on Financing for Development: Addis Ababa Action Agenda

51ms8o9B9iL._SY291_BO1204203200_QL40_FMwebp_.webp

Trading Identities: Why Countries and Companies are Taking on Each Others’ Roles

411wy-YYiTS._SX331_BO1204203200_.jpg

Coercive Cooperation: Explaining Multilateral Economic Sanctions

A-World-to-Gain.png

A World to Gain: A New Agenda for Aid, Trade and Investment

000000000010057138_522.jpg

Mainstreaming Development in the WTO

Futures-for-dipomacy.png

Futures for diplomacy: Integrative Diplomacy in the 21st Century

OECD-2011.png

Estimating the Constraints to Developing Countries Trade

download-3.jpg

Is a special treatment of small island developing States possible?

4144A49E0ZL._SX313_BO1204203200_.jpg

Small States in the Global Economy

clingendael-2018.png

Economic Diplomacy: The Level of Development and Trade

jan.png

The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations

"The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations" is a thought-provoking and insightful book that delves into the realm of public diplomacy and its significance in the context of modern international relations. Authored by Jan Melissen, a renowned scholar in the field, this book offers a comprehensive analysis of the evolving nature of diplomacy and the growing importance of soft power.

Commonwealth-Secretariat-World-Bank-Joint-Task-Force-on-Small-States.png

Small States: Meeting Challenges in the Global Economy

ADF-13.png

ADF-13 Report: Supporting Africa’s Transformation

godfrey-baldacchino.webp

Island entrepreneurs: Insights from exceptionally successful knowledge-driven SMEs from 5 European island territories

oecd.jpg

DAC High Level Meeting: Final Communiqué

On 15-16 December 2014 the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) came to an important and historic consensus on how to modernise its statistical framework for measuring development finance to developing countries. It paved the way for the ambitious Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

91d400AxAUL.jpg

The Power of Nations: The Political Economy of International Relations

Richard-L.-Bernal.jpg

Small developing economies and the multilateral trading system: A Caribbean perspective

Small developing economies are often constrained in participating in the negotiation and regulation of multilateral trading rules due to severe cost and resource limitations. This article argues that, despite the costs and difficulties, small states must remain engaged in the multilateral trading system in order to ensure that their specialised commercial interests are recognised and to protect their rights. Umbrella entities like the Caribbean Regional Negotiating Machinery (CRNM) provide a means of maximising the influence of small states in an international forum such as the World Tra...

41IXFHfRSL._SY344_BO1204203200_.jpg

Economic Sanctions Reconsidered

41hu3iipJjL._SX317_BO1204203200_.jpg

Power and Wealth: The Political Economy of International Power

National-Trade-Promotion-Organizations.png

National Trade Promotion Organizations: Their role and functions

Although trade promotion organizations (TPOs) can be a cost-effective tool for developing trade and exports, their usefulness varies significantly from country to country. The author reviews the principles of establishing and structuring successful TPOs, clarifies their roles and defines their specific functions.