Track two diplomacy
Track two diplomacy involves informal interactions between influential members of opposing groups or nations, moving away from formal negotiations. It is conducted by non-state actors, such as academics and civil society leaders, who participate in personal capacities. The primary goal is to explore the human dimension of conflicts, build trust, and foster mutual understanding, rather than to sign treaties. This approach allows for the testing of ideas and potential solutions that are too risky for official discussions. Track two diplomacy complements official processes by addressing the psychological and social roots of conflicts.
Relevance
Track two diplomacy is gaining significance as it addresses the issues that delay official negotiations, especially those stemming from fear, historical grievances, and a lack of trust. In contrast to formal diplomacy, which frequently ignores human factors, Track two works to eliminate psychological obstacles to peace by promoting relationships among unofficial parties. It plays a crucial role in contexts where formal relations do not exist, acting as an essential communication link and a platform for innovative policy solutions. By engaging a wide array of civil society participants, track two offers a more inclusive and lasting approach to peacebuilding, making sure that peace is truly significant for those affected by it.
Methods and approaches
Track two diplomacy focuses on dialogue and relationship-building, contrasting with formal negotiation methods. Its primary technique is the problem-solving workshop, where participants discuss personal experiences and underlying needs in a safe, off-the-record environment, guided by an impartial facilitator. Other approaches include academic conferences, cultural exchanges, and joint projects, which promote trust and collaboration.
Unofficial actors may also use private shuttle diplomacy to communicate between parties. The unofficial nature of track two diplomacy allows for honest engagement, potentially easing formal negotiations and promoting lasting peace.
Geographical scope
Track two diplomacy takes place outside conventional power centres, using neutral and private settings such as universities, conference centres, or remote estates to promote trust and open dialogue. This type of diplomacy can operate on a local or global scale, addressing disputes through either bilateral or multilateral efforts.
It is flexible and seeks to create environments for conversation that connect individuals and ideas, concentrating on the specific conflicts instead of state frameworks. A notable example is the discussions that led to the Oslo Accords, which were conducted in a secluded hotel in Norway.
Historical development
Track two diplomacy, a concept introduced by US diplomat Joseph Montville in 1981, distinguishes unofficial diplomatic initiatives from formal government actions – track one diplomacy.
Originating during the Cold War to facilitate communication between the US and the Soviet Union amid stalled official relations, it was exemplified by the Dartmouth Conferences that began in 1960. The approach gained traction in the 1980s and 1990s, focusing on regional conflicts, with scholars like Herbert Kelman and John Burton developing the ‘interactive problem-solving workshop’ model, notably used in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
Following the Cold War, track two diplomacy emerged as a recognised tool in peacebuilding, effectively applied in various global conflicts, demonstrating its adaptability to the diplomatic landscape.
Actors
Track two diplomacy involves influential private citizens rather than those holding official titles. Key actors include respected academics, retired officials, and leaders from civil society (such as NGO heads, religious figures, and journalists), all of whom can access decision-makers and offer valuable insights. Skilled facilitators from specialised NGOs fill a crucial third-party role and think tanks, who guide the dialogue process. Together, these actors create a network that operates alongside official diplomatic channels.
Examples
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Oslo Accords (1993): Informal meetings in Norway between Israeli academics and unofficial PLO representatives led to mutual recognition and self-governance principles, laying the groundwork for the official Declaration of Principles.
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Mozambique Peace Process: The Community of Sant’Egidio facilitated discreet negotiations between the FRELIMO government and RENAMO rebels over two years, resulting in the 1992 General Peace Accord that ended a 16-year civil war.
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Northern Ireland Peace Process: Before the 1998 Good Friday Agreement, Father Alec Reid mediated secret talks between political leaders John Hume and Gerry Adams, fostering understanding and paving the way for the IRA ceasefire and inclusive political negotiations.
These examples illustrate how unofficial dialogue and trusted intermediaries can lead to significant breakthroughs in peace processes.
Track two diplomacy plays an essential role in contemporary peacebuilding, centring on the human dimensions of international relations instead of merely formal diplomatic exchanges. It promotes authentic dialogue and understanding, altering perceptions and relationships that can lead to conflict resolution. Although there are obstacles like securing funding and assessing effectiveness, track two diplomacy serves as a supportive method alongside official diplomacy, highlighting that significant transformation can arise from personal discussions rather than only through formal treaties.
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