Military diplomacy

How is military diplomacy conducted?

Military diplomacy employs a variety of methods to achieve its goals. Central to these efforts are negotiations, which take place through high-level defence dialogues, joint commissions, and meetings between military leaders. Economic promotion often involves facilitating partnerships in the defence industry, along with arms sales and technology transfers.

Lobbying and advocacy are also standard practices, where military attachés and defense officials work to influence perceptions and garner support for national security policies within foreign governments. Bilateral agreements, such as Status of Forces Agreements (SOFAs) or defence cooperation memoranda, formalise these relationships. Additionally, multilateral initiatives, such as participation in UN peacekeeping operations or NATO exercises, promote shared security and stability. Informal channels, including social events and cultural exchanges involving military personnel, further strengthen personal connections and foster mutual understanding.

Levels of military diplomacy

Military diplomacy is a multifaceted aspect of international relations that occurs at all levels and across various regions. It is prevalent in bilateral relations, where countries engage directly on defence matters through military attachés in embassies and via reciprocal visits. Regional partnerships, such as those within ASEAN or the African Union, provide platforms for coordinated defence strategies and trust-building.

Multilateral forums are also crucial venues for military diplomacy; organisations like the United Nations, NATO, and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation facilitate large-scale military cooperation. Beyond formal structures, military diplomacy thrives in informal settings, including dialogues that feature retired military officers or experts, as well as exchanges in professional military education. These interactions foster long-term networks and create shared understanding among different armed forces.

The history of military diplomacy

The origins of military diplomacy can be traced back to ancient times, starting with early military envoys and negotiations for truces. Initially, military commanders would engage directly with their foes or allies to negotiate temporary ceasefires or prisoner exchanges. The establishment of permanent diplomatic missions following the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 marked the inclusion of military representatives within the broader framework of diplomacy.

However, military diplomacy began to evolve as a distinct practice after the end of the Cold War (generally considered to have ended in 1991). During this period, the focus shifted from purely deterrence to an emphasis on conflict prevention and international security cooperation. This evolution introduced the term “defence diplomacy,” which reflects the expanding roles of defence ministries and armed forces beyond traditional combat duties.

Key developments in military diplomacy include the establishment of extensive military attaché networks in the late 19th century, the formation of multinational alliances such as NATO after World War II, and the increasing involvement of militaries in humanitarian aid efforts. These developments highlight the evolving, non-combat roles that armed forces play on a global scale.

Who are the key actors?

Various groups participate in military diplomacy, each contributing uniquely to the advancement of security goals. National governments are the primary actors, with their Ministries of Defence and Foreign Affairs collaborating closely. Defence attachés, military officers assigned to embassies, serve as front-line representatives, fostering military-to-military relationships. High-ranking military officials engage in strategic discussions to shape policy and develop effective strategies.

International organisations, such as the United Nations (UN) and NATO, facilitate multilateral defence cooperation. While they don’t conduct formal military diplomacy themselves, non-state actors and private military companies can influence their direction. Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) often collaborate with militaries on humanitarian efforts. Additionally, expert communities, think tanks, and academic institutions provide valuable analysis and create platforms for informal discussions.

Real-world examples

One key example is the Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) exercise, which is the world’s largest international maritime warfare drill. Held every two years by the U.S. Indo-Pacific Command, RIMPAC brings together navies from dozens of countries, including those with complicated relationships. For instance, in 2014, China participated in the region for the first time alongside the U.S. and other Pacific nations, despite existing tensions in the South China Sea. This participation served as a symbolic act of military diplomacy, improving interoperability and opening communication channels between naval forces that might otherwise only interact competitively. These exercises are essential for sharing best practices and coordinating responses to crises.

Another noteworthy example is the Joint Military Commission (JMC) between Ethiopia and Eritrea. After decades of conflict, these nations signed a peace agreement in 2018. The JMC, comprising military representatives from both sides, played a crucial role in this agreement. It facilitated direct discussions on border issues and troop withdrawals. Through regular meetings and trust-building efforts, the JMC helped to ease tensions and laid the groundwork for normal relations between the two former adversaries. Its success demonstrates how military-to-military engagement can directly support broader peace initiatives

Why is military diplomacy important today?

Military diplomacy plays a crucial role in preventing and resolving conflicts by establishing essential communication channels, even with potential adversaries. From an economic perspective, defence cooperation can lead to arms sales, joint research initiatives, and technology sharing, which ultimately strengthen national defence industries. Politically, it strengthens alliances, fosters strategic partnerships, and enhances a country’s soft power by demonstrating its commitment to global security.

Strategically, military diplomacy enables nations to project influence, gather intelligence, and shape regional security frameworks. This dynamic aspect of military power presents opportunities for security and strength, ultimately enhancing a nation’s overall influence on the global stage.