The intensifying impact of climate change, and the necessity for further evolution of the international regime, coupled with the lack of agreement around a legally binding outcome so close to the end of the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol (2012), heightens the crucial role of international negotiations, especially for small and developing states.
At the November/December 2011 climate change conference in Durban, South Africa, attention will once again focus on the process of building a global climate change architecture. Diplomats and scientists will be at the forefront of negotiations both during the meeting and in the months leading to the conference.
In addition, the relationship between science and political decision-making in the area of climate change will be increasingly important in the upcoming period, following questions regarding the credibility of climate science and the 2010 review of the structure of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Other initiatives, such as the Global Framework for Climate Services (initiated in 2009) emphasise the need to better integrate climate information and decision-making processes. Recent initiatives to use geo-engineering climate solutions have added to the controversy surrounding the role of science in climate change policy.
Climate change will be important in a wide array of policy fields and within a diverse range of global and regional negotiation processes. Today officials involved in fields such as energy, trade, human rights, telecommunications and health also need knowledge about climate change issues.
This course brings together participants from diverse backgrounds to build skills and acquire the knowledge to engage effectively in climate change negotiations and policy processes. At an introductory level, the course will provide a broad overview of climate change issues, equipping participants to represent and promote the interests of their own countries in the global climate change policy process.
By the end of the course, participants should be able to:
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Demonstrate understanding and the ability to participate in current diplomatic and policy processes in the field of climate change.
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Employ current scientific and policy-related climate change terminology.
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Identify those international institutional climate change frameworks where their national interests may be most effectively promoted.
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Identify appropriate partners for climate change policy initiatives.
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Recognise opportunities where global initiatives and processes can contribute to local development needs.
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Propose or contribute to an effective national approach for participation in global climate change processes.
In addition, the course will broaden participants’ general understanding of climate change and the global policy response to climate change. In this regard, by the end of the course, participants should be able to:
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Demonstrate understanding of the climate change phenomenon and the impact of climate change on human society, including different views and schools of thought regarding climate change.
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Identify and describe the interests of the main players in the climate change policy process.
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Identify the various international legal documents and institutional frameworks dealing with climate change.
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Explain the local relevance of global/regional climate change initiatives.
Excerpt from course materials
One of the most frequently debated, and most controversial, questions in climate change diplomacy is the cause of climate change. The question is an important one because identifying the specific causes of climate change leads us to specific policy responses and choices.
Sceptics argue that climate change is mainly a natural phenomenon, and the most radical sceptics suggest that we cannot, and should not, interfere with natural climate change. These views either deny any relevance of anthropogenic causes, minimise their importance, or argue that climate change is so complex that it is difficult to identify specific anthropogenic causes. Climate change sceptics tend to oppose policy action in the field of climate change …
Today, it is clearly established that both natural and anthropogenic factors contribute to climate change. However, many related issues remain unresolved, including the extent of the impact of those two factors and their interplay. Resolving those issues will remain high on the agenda of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and consequently, important in climate change diplomacy. In our cognitive toolkit, an understanding of the current debate on causes of climate change plays an important part in developing effective argumentation and persuasion.
Course outline
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Introduction to climate change diplomacy: description of climate change; definitions, causes and effects; evolution of global discussion on climate change.
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Climate change – a cognitive toolkit: a conceptual framework for approaching climate change issues; natural and anthropogenic causes of climate change; scientific uncertainty and the precautionary principle; equity versus efficiency; perfect versus “good enough” solutions; analogies; statistics; temporal aspects; developmental aspects.
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National state actors in climate change diplomacy: survey and classification of the main actors in climate change diplomacy; states; ad hoc coalitions and groupings; positions of the main players.
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Non-state actors in climate change diplomacy: the role of the media; the scientific community; non-governmental organisations; industry and the fossil fuel lobby; international organisations.
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Climate change – legal and policy instruments: international legal documents (Rio conference, UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, Copenhagen Accord); international policy documents (IPCC reports, Global Framework on Climate Services); soft law – policy studies and other important documents (Stern review).
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Climate change – levels of activity: global level (UN World Summits, global institutions); regional activities; national activities; sub-national activities; individual lifestyle choices.
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Strategies, policies (and some technologies): adaptation; economic development; mitigation; changing human behaviour (economic and non-economic instruments); alternative energy sources; geo-engineering.
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The road ahead: Copenhagen negotiations, road to Durban (2011); criticism of the Kyoto Protocol; analysis of what a future framework should look like; alternative proposals for a post-Kyoto architecture.
Note: Climate change diplomacy was originally developed in 2008; this is its fourth year of delivery. Over 150 participants have attended the course over the last three years. Each group of participants has contributed to the development of course materials and the improvement of the course methodology.