1. Origninally published in "International Journal" (Autumn 1997)

2. See for example, R. Cohen, ‘Diplomacy 2000 BC to 2000 AD,’ paper presented at annual conference of British International Studies Association, Southampton, 1995; Keith Hamilton and R. Langhorne, The Practice of Diplomacy (London: Routledge 1995); Brian Hocking, ‘Beyond "newness" and "decline": the development of catalytic diplomacy,’ Diplomatic Studies Programme Discussion Paper (DSPDP) 10, Diplomatic Studies Programme, Leicester University, 1995; and L. Reychler, ‘Beyond traditional diplomacy,’ DSPDP 17, 1996.

3. Michel Foucault, The Order of Things (New York: Vintage Books 1994), 18.

4. Robert H. Miller, ‘Influencing another nation,’ in Miller, ed, Inside an Embassy: the Political Role of Diplomats Abroad (Washington DC: Congressional Quarterly 1992), 55.

5. R.R Barston, Modern Diplomacy (London: Longman 1988), 2; and Geoffrey R. Berridge, Diplomacy: Theory and Practice (London: Prentice Hall/Harvester Wheatsheaf 1995), 24.

6. Marcel Cadieux, The Canadian Diplomat: An Essay in Definition (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1962), 111.

7. Anatoly Dobrynin, In Confidence (New York: Random House 1995), 136.

8. Geoffrey Jackson, Concorde Diplomacy: The Ambassador’s Role in the World Today (London: Hamish Hamilton 1981), 116.

9. Barston, Modern Diplomacy, 2.

10. Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations: the Struggle for Power and Peace (6th ed. revised by K. Thompson; NewYork: McGraw Hill 1985), 566.

11. Alan James, ‘Diplomacy and foreign policy,’ Review of International Studies 19 (January 1993), 91-100.

12. Cited in Garrett Mattingly, Renaissance Diplomacy (London: Jonathan Cape 1955), 109.

13. Abba Eban, The New Diplomacy: International Affairs in the Modem Age (New York: Random House 1983), 333.

14. Cited in Hamilton and Langhorne, The Practice of Diplomacy, 41.

15. Cited in Mattingly, Renaissance Diplomacy, 269.

16. Berridge, Diplomacy, 36-7.

17. M. Keens-Soper, ‘Abraham de Wicquefort and diplomatic theory,’ DSPDP 14, 1996.

18. Frank Roberts, Dealing with Dictators: the Destruction and Revival of Europe 1930-70 (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson 1991), 2.

19. Dobrynin, In Confidence, 3-6.

20. Hamilton and Langhorne, The Practice of Diplomacy, 41.

21. François de Callières, On the Manner of Negotiating with Princes (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press 1963), 11, 113.

22. S. Sofer, ‘Old and new diplomacy: a debate revisited,’ Review of International Studies 14 (July 1988), 195-211.

23. Hamilton and Langhorne, The Practice of Diplomacy, 71.

24. Adam Watson, Diplomacy: The Dialogue Between States (New York: New Press/McGraw Hill 1983), 83.

25. Hamilton and Langhorne, The Practice of Diplomacy, 158.

26. Watson, Diplomacy, 27, 194-6, emphasis in original.

27. Hedley Bull, ‘Introduction: Martin Wight and the study of international relations,’ in Martin Wight, Systems of States (Leicester, Leicester University Press 1977), 9.

28. J. R. Wood and J. Serres, Diplomatic Ceremonial and Protocol: Principles, Procedures and Practices (New York: Columbia University Press 1970), 4-9.

29. Robert Schulzinger, The Making of the Diplomatic Mind (Middletown CT: Wesleyan University Press 1975), 11.

30. J.W. Foster, The Practice of Diplomacy as Illustrated in the Foreign Relations of the United States (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin 1906), preface.

31. Hughe Knatchbull-Hugessen, Diplomacy in Peace and War (London: John Murray 1949), 29.

32. M. Bernard, Four Lectures on Subjects Connected with Diplomacy (London: Macmillan 1868), 114.

33. Ibid, 139.

34. Ernst Satow, An Austrian Diplomat in the Fifties (Cambridge: The University Press 1908), 56-7.

35. Harold Nicolson, The Evolution of the Diplomatic Method (New York: Macmillan 1953), 78-9.

36. Charles Hardinge, ed, Old Diplomacy: the Reminiscences of Lord Hardinge of Penshurst (London: John Murray 1947), 98.

37. Hamilton and Langhorne, The Practice of Diplomacy, 178.

38. Dobrynin, In Confidence, 20.

39. Roberts, Dealing with Dictators, 196.

40. Dag Hammarskjöld, ‘New diplomatic techniques in a new world,’ in Elmer Plischke, ed., Modern Diplomacy: the Art and the Artisans (Washington DC: American Enterprise Institute Studies in Foreign Policy 1979), 86.

41. Mattingly, Renaissance Diplomacy, 109.

42. Bernard, Four Lectures, 148.

43. Nigel Bland, ed, Satow’s Guide to Diplomatic Practice (London: Longman, Green 1958), 1, vii.

44. Cadieux, The Canadian Diplomat, 34.

45. Harold Nicolson, Sir Arthur Nicolson, Bart, First Lord Carnock (London: Constable 1930), 207.

46. Nicolson, The Evolution of the Diplomatic Method, 24, 73; and Nicolson, Sir Arthur Nicolson, 82.

47. William Stang, Home and Abroad (London: Deutsch 1956), 127.

48. Max Kampelman, Entering New Worlds (New York, Harper Collins 1991), 237.

49. Robert Vansittart, The Lessons of My Life (London: Hutchinson 1944), 30.

50. J. Kaufmann, Conference Diplomacy (London: Macmillan 1996), 117.

51. Hocking, ‘Beyond "newness" and "decline."’

52. Reychler, ‘Beyond traditional diplomacy.’

53. George E Kennan, ‘Diplomacy without diplomats?’ Foreign Affairs 76 (September/October 1997); Hamilton and Langhorne, The Practice of Diplomacy, 231.

54. M. Anderson, The Rise of Modern Diplomacy 1450-1919 (London: Longman 93), 39.

55. A. Hardinge, Diplomacy in the East, 121: Nicolson, Sir Arthur Nicolson, 121.