1. Marie Muller, "The Diplomacy of Reintegration: South Africa Back into the Fold," in Jan Melissen, ed., Diplomatic Innovation, London: Macmillan, 1998 (forthcoming).

2. See Jan Melissen’s explanation how and why diplomacy is by nature dynamic and constantly evolving ("Diplomatie in de internationale statensamenleving," Internationale Spectator, Vol. 51, No. 10, October 1997, pp. 534-541).

3. Gerrit Olivier & Deon Geldenhuys, "South Africa’s Foreign Policy: From Idealism to Pragmatism," Business & the Contemporary World, Vol. IX, No. 2, 1997, pp. 365-366.

4. Olivier & Geldenhuys, "South Africa’s Foreign Policy: From Idealism to Pragmatism," p. 366.

5. Olivier & Geldenhuys, "South Africa’s Foreign Policy: From Idealism to Pragmatism," p. 366.

6. Olivier & Geldenhuys, "South Africa’s Foreign Policy: From Idealism to Pragmatism," p. 366.

7. See for example: Greg Mills, "South Africa’s Foreign Policy: The Year in Review," in South African Yearbook of International Affairs 1997, Johannesburg: The South African Institute of International Affairs, 1997; Olivier & Geldenhuys, "South Africa’s Foreign Policy: From Idealism to Pragmatism"; Hussein Solomon, ed., Fairy God-mother, Hegemon or Partner? In Search of a South African Foreign Policy, Halfway House: ISS Monograph Series, No. 13, May 1997.

8. DFA Multilateral Branch Annual Report 1996 (MB1/97, June 1997), published by the Multilateral Co-ordination Centre of the Multilateral Branch of the DFA, p. 6.

9. DFA Multilateral Branch Annual Report 1996, p. 6.

10. Document compiled by the Directorate Non-proliferation and Disarmament (DNPD), Department of Foreign Affairs, July 1997.

11. Details of the criteria and procedure involved, is summarised in the Guide to the terms of reference of Conventional Arms Control in South Africa, issued by the Directorate for Conventional Arms Control, Office of the Secretary for Defence, Pretoria, 01/05/1996. Also see Tyler Robinson & Jeffrey Boutwell, "South Africa’s Arms Industry: A New Era of Democratic Accountability?" Armed Forces & Society, Vol. 22, No. 4, Summer 1996, pp. 599-618.

12. See Sunday Times, 19 January 1997, p. 6; Olivier & Geldenhuys, "South Africa’s Foreign Policy: From Idealism to Pragmatism," pp. 373-374.

13. Olivier & Geldenhuys, "South Africa’s Foreign Policy: From Idealism to Pragmatism," p. 366.

14. See Marie Muller, "The institutional dimension: The Department of Foreign Affairs and Overseas Missions," in Walter Carlsnaes & Marie Muller, eds., Change and South African External Relations, Midrand: International Thomson Publishing, 1997, pp. 51-72, for an exploration of these changes. Also see Marie Muller, "South Africa’s Changing External Relations," in Murray Faure & Jan-Erik Lane, eds., South Africa: Designing New Political Institutions, London: Sage, 1996, pp. 121-150 for a broad overview of the evolution of South Africa’s external relations.

15. Olivier & Geldenhuys, "South Africa’s Foreign Policy: From Idealism to Pragmatism," p. 366.

16. Olivier & Geldenhuys, "South Africa’s Foreign Policy: From Idealism to Pragmatism," p. 367, cite actions of President Mandela and Deputy President Thabo Mbeki, including the creation of a Binational Commission between the US and South Africa under the chairmanship of the two Vice Presidents and the starting of negotiations with the European Union on a free trade agreement and accession to the Lomé Convention, as proof of this.

17. Olivier & Geldenhuys, "South Africa’s Foreign Policy: From Idealism to Pragmatism," p. 366.

18. See Roland Henwood, "South African foreign policy and international practise-1997-an analysis," South African Yearbook of International Law, 1997, (Pretoria: VerLoren van Themaat Centre for Public Law Studies, University of South Africa) for a brief analysis of the issue relating to Libya.

19. See for example: SAIIA Research Group, eds., South Africa and the Two Chinas Dilemma, Johannesburg: South African Institute of International Affairs & Foundation of Global Dialogue, 1995; Greg Mills, "South Africa and the Two Chinas," in South African Yearbook of International Affairs 1996, pp. 165-171; Jean-Jacques Cornish, "New South Africa and China," in South African Yearbook of International Affairs 1997, pp. 250-256; Henwood, "South African foreign policy and international practise-1997-an analysis."

20. See Henwood, "South African foreign policy and international practise-1997-an analysis." Also see the discussion of overseas missions below.

21. See Muller, "The institutional dimension: The Department of Foreign Affairs and Overseas Missions," for a brief survey of these adjustments and changes.

22. Muller, "The institutional dimension: The Department of Foreign Affairs and Overseas Missions," p. 55.

23. Muller, "The institutional dimension: The Department of Foreign Affairs and Overseas Missions," pp. 55-56.

24. Muller, "The institutional dimension: The Department of Foreign Affairs and Overseas Missions," p. 56.

25. Muller, "The institutional dimension: The Department of Foreign Affairs and Overseas Missions," p. 57.

26. Muller, "The institutional dimension: The Department of Foreign Affairs and Overseas Missions," pp. 57-58.

27. Muller, "The institutional dimension: The Department of Foreign Affairs and Overseas Missions," p. 58.

28. Muller, "The institutional dimension: The Department of Foreign Affairs and Overseas Missions," p. 60.

29. Muller, "The institutional dimension: The Department of Foreign Affairs and Overseas Missions," p. 62.

30. Muller, "The institutional dimension: The Department of Foreign Affairs and Overseas Missions," pp. 59-60.

31. Approved Organisational Structure of the Department of Foreign Affairs, 29 September 1997.

32. Approved Organisational Structure of the Department of Foreign Affairs, 20 November 1997.

33. See the Approved Organisational Structure of the Department of Foreign Affairs as set out in various charts dated between September and December 1997 - hereafter referred to as "chart" or "charts."

34. See the chart dated 22 September 1997. The January 1998 change was conveyed to the author by two Foreign Service Officers in personal and telephonic conversations respectively.

35. For a more detailed discussion of the process, see Muller, "The Diplomacy of Reintegration: South Africa Back into the Fold"; Muller, "The institutional dimension: The Department of Foreign Affairs and Overseas Missions."

37. Beeld, 15 May 1997, p. 15; Saturday Star, 13 September 1997, p. 2; Sunday Tribune, 9 November 1997, p. 14.

38. Olivier & Geldenhuys, "South Africa’s Foreign Policy: From Idealism to Pragmatism," p. 367.

39. Charts dated November-December 1997, as well as Mission Address and Telephone List of the DFA, 27 January 1997. According to the (Official) South Africa Yearbook 1997, (published by the South African Communication Service, Pretoria), p. 213, there is also a multilateral mission in Gaborone, accredited to the Southern African Development Community (SADC). However, this is not reflected in the Charts of late 1997.

40. In the sequence listed by the DFA: Ivory Coast, Senegal, Uganda, Ghana, Tanzania, Zaire, Algeria, Botswana, Nigeria, Egypt, Zimbabwe, Gabon, Mozambique, Mauritius, Malawi, Lesotho, Morocco, Angola, Swaziland, Tunisia, Zambia, Kenya, Namibia (Walvis Bay) and Namibia (Windhoek).

41. In the sequence listed by the DFA: Greece, Germany (Bonn), Romania, Germany (Berlin), Brazil, Hungary, Switzerland, Slovak Republic, Argentina, US (Beverly Hills), Belgium, Venezuela, US (Chicago), Germany (Hamburg), Peru, Denmark, Cuba, Portugal, Ireland, Finland, UK, Germany (Frankfurt), Ukraine, Spain, France (Marseilles), Canada (Montreal), Norway, Mexico, Russian Federation, Canada (Ottawa), Italy (Milan), Germany (Munich), France (Paris), Uruguay, US (New York), Czech Republic, Italy (Rome), Sweden, US (Washington), Chile, Netherlands, Brazil, Canada (Toronto), Bulgaria, and Poland.

42. In the sequence listed by the DFA: United Arab Emirates, China (Beijing), Indonesia, Jordan, Australia, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Thailand, Pakistan, Kuwait, India (Bombay), Malaysia, Japan, India (New Delhi), Taiwan, Saudi Arabia, Israel, South Korea, and Iran.

43. According to a report in Business Day (13 January 1997, p. 1) South Africa has "accredited a nearby embassy to cover 44 countries." It is not mentioned which embassy this is, but it is very likely a mission in an African country.

44. Business Day, 13 January 1997, p. 1.

45. Business Day, 13 January 1997, p. 1.

46. Business Day, 13 January 1997, p. 1.

47. Business Day, 13 January 1997, p. 1. According to this report South Africa has 75 embassies or high commissions in foreign countries, while there are 96 embassies or high commissions in South Africa, and South Africa has consulates in 18 countries, but 57 countries have consulates in South Africa.

48. For a listing of the Foreign Representatives in South Africa, see: South African Yearbook 1997, pp. 205 & 210-213; South African Yearbook of International Affairs 1997, pp. 465-468; Mission Address and Telephone List, 27 January 1997.

49. Business Day, 10 January 1997, p. 1; 13 January 1997, p. 7; Beeld, 13 January 1997, p. 4.

50. Greg Mills, "South Africa and Asia: New opportunities, lessons and dilemmas," in Carlsnaes & Muller, Change and South African External Relations, p. 192; Mission Address and Telephone List, 27 January 1997, p. 23; South African Yearbook of International Affairs 1997, p. 465.

51. See, for example, Beeld, 24 October 1997, p. 17. Media Statement of the DFA, 22 December 1997.

53. See The Citizen, 24 June 1997, p. 14, where reference is made to a number of telephone conversations between President Mandela and British Prime Minister, Mr Tony Blair, and to a "warm relationship" which has apparently developed between them as a result.

54. Henwood, "South African foreign policy and international practise-1997-an analysis."

55. See the charts dated 22 September and 8 October 1997.

56. See Department of Foreign Affairs List, July 1995

57. Muller, "The Diplomacy of Reintegration: South Africa Back into the Fold."

58. Olivier & Geldenhuys, "South Africa’s Foreign Policy: From Idealism to Pragmatism," p. 371.

59. South African Yearbook of International Affairs 1997, pp. 468-469.

60. Background Briefing on Mandela’s State Visits, issued by the Office of the President, 25 February 1997.

61. See Media Statements issued by the Department of Foreign Affairs, July to December 1997.

63. South African Yearbook of International Affairs 1997, p. 471.

64. The Citizen, 25 July 1997, p. 15.

65. Media Statement by the DFA, 2 December 1997.

66. For a useful listing of the international agreements, bilateral and multilateral, entered into by South Africa, see the regular feature on Treaties in the South African Yearbook of International Law, as well as a similar feature in the Foreign Relations section of South Africa Yearbook.

67. South Africa Yearbook 1997, pp. 192-193.

68. South Africa Yearbook 1997, pp. 203-204. Mills, "South African Foreign Policy: The Year in Review," 1996, p. 6; Greg Mills, "South Africa and the Non-Aligned Movement," in South African Yearbook of International Affairs 1997, p. 160.

69. See Media Statement of the DFA, 3 March 1997. For a critical assessment of this new initiative, see Fred Ahwireng-Obeng, "A Sceptical view of South Africa within the IOR-ARC," The South African Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 5, No. 1, Summer 1997, pp. 97-109.

70. See for example: the DFA Multilateral Branch Annual Report 1996; the South African Yearbook of International Affairs; the Foreign Relations section in the South Africa Yearbook; and the regular feature on South African participation in international organisations in the South African Yearbook of International Law.

71. DFA Multilateral Branch Annual Report 1995 (MB1/96) & DFA Multilateral Branch Annual Report 1996 (MB1/97). The 1997 Report, to be published in 1998 is unfortunately not available yet.

72. See DFA Multilateral Branch Annual Report 1996, p. 6.

73. See Andrew F. Cooper, ed., Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers after the Cold War, London: Macmillan, Studies in Diplomacy, 1997. Also see Hussein Solomon’s application of the concept "middle power leadership" to South Africa: "South African Foreign Policy and Middle Power Leadership," in Solomon, Fairy God-mother, Hegemon or Partner? In Search of a South African Foreign Policy, pp. 53-64.

74. Peter Vale, "South Africa: Understanding the Upstairs and the Downstairs," in Cooper, Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers after the Cold War, p. 211.

75. Vale, "South Africa: Understanding the Upstairs and the Downstairs," p. 211.

76. Businessmen, in particular, have been very active in South African economic diplomacy.

77. See for example Greg Mills, "South Africa and the Non-Aligned Movement," in South African Yearbook of International Affairs 1997, p. 165.

78. This is an aspect which could not be explored at all in this paper. However, some attention was given to it elsewhere: Muller, "The Foreign Ministry of South Africa: from isolation to integration to coherency," in Brian Hocking, ed., Foreign Ministries: Change and Adaptation, London: Macmillan, 1998 (forthcoming).

79. See for example Richard Langhorne, "Current Developments in Diplomacy: Who are the Diplomats Now?" Diplomacy & Statecraft, Vol. 8, No. 2, July 1997, pp. 1-15.

80. As an example see Greg Mills, "Leaning all over the place? The not-so-new South Africa’s Foreign Policy," in Solomon, Fairy God-mother, Hegemon or Partner? In Search of a South African Foreign Policy, pp. 19-34.